How is compartment syndrome defined?

Compartment syndrome is defined as a condition characterized by increased pressure within a muscle compartment. This increase in pressure can lead to decreased blood flow to the tissues within that compartment, potentially resulting in muscle and nerve ischemia and damage. The muscle compartments are enclosed spaces surrounded by fascia, and when swelling or bleeding occurs within these compartments, it can result in severe pain, muscle weakness, and even irreversible injury if not addressed promptly.

While decreased blood flow to muscles can occur as a consequence of compartment syndrome, it is the elevated pressure within the compartment itself that is the primary defining feature of the condition. Compartment syndrome is often associated with trauma, overuse, or certain medical conditions, but it is not solely caused by aging or specific types of fractures. Understanding compartment syndrome is crucial because timely intervention can prevent long-term complications, including muscle necrosis or loss of function.