What can lead to malignant hyperthermia?

Malignant hyperthermia is a severe reaction that occurs in susceptible individuals following exposure to certain anesthetics, particularly volatile agents like halothane or gases used during surgery, in combination with a neuromuscular blocking agent like succinylcholine. The condition is linked to a genetic predisposition that disrupts calcium regulation in muscle cells, leading to an uncontrollable increase in metabolism and muscle contractions. This hypermetabolic state causes a rapid rise in body temperature, muscle rigidity, and can result in serious complications if not promptly treated. Recognizing the potential for malignant hyperthermia in patients with a familial history or known genetic predisposition is critical for anesthetic management in surgical procedures.

The other options do not directly relate to the specific mechanism or triggers for malignant hyperthermia. Prolonged exposure to heat, severe dehydration, and intense physical training can lead to other conditions such as heat exhaustion or heat stroke, but they do not elicit the same pathological response associated with the genetic factors and anesthetic triggers of malignant hyperthermia.